Retrieved August 06, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Hundred-Days-of-Reform. The October 10, 1911, Republican Revolution led to the abdication of the boy emperor Xuantong (better known as Puyi) and the transfer of authority to the provisional republican government under Yuan Shikai. Under the banner of “Support the Qing, Expel the Foreign”, the Boxer Uprising differed from previous anti-Qing rebellions in their unity against the foreigners. Within the same timeframe (the second half of the nineteenth century), Japan shook off the shogunate and enacted reforms with renewed vigour, adopting Western technologies and institutions. Hang, H. C. (2016). Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription.

Issuing edicts on education, military and bureaucracy reforms, traditional Chinese institutions and the court’s conservative elements came under threat. The imperial era was 221 BC – 1912 AD, from China's unification under Qin rule until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China era was from 1912 until 1949, and the modern China era from 1949 until the present day.

Ultimately, ineptitude led to the Qing’s demise. Their disunity was highlighted by their dealings with foreign powers. Subsequent rulers, however, were unable to meet the problems caused by increased population pressure and concentration of land ownership. Take a look, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qing-dynasty, https://www.britannica.com/event/Hundred-Days-of-Reform, https://visualizingcultures.mit.edu/opium_wars_01/ow1_essay01.html, https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/10/how-humiliation-drove-modern-chinese-history/280878/, http://www.tsinghuachinalawreview.org/articles/PDF/TCLR_1001_CHENG.pdf, https://ehne.fr/en/article/europe-europeans-and-world/europe-and-legal-regulation-international-relations/unequal-treaties-china, The Mysterious Disappearance of Amelia Earhart, First Image of U.S. How Humiliation Drove Modern Chinese History. Its terms included the cession of Chinese territory, like Taiwan, to the Japanese, and the replacement of China by Japan as the influential power over the Korean peninsula. How did she climb from the bottom rung of the ladder as an ordinary ambitious girl to the top rung of power as an empress dowager? And in February 1912, the last Emperor, the child Puyi, abdicated his throne, bringing the millenniums-long dynastic cycle to a close.

In the dynasty’s death throes, the Dynasty would find itself without the backing of its subjects or its provinces. It left the impression that, as it had centuries and millenniums before, China’s problems with ‘barbarians’ would eventually pass.

The Qing dynasty was first established in 1636 by the Manchus to designate their regime in Manchuria (now the Northeast region of China). Under the two succeeding emperors, Yongzheng (reigned 1722–35) and Qianlong (reigned 1735–96), commerce continued to thrive, handicraft industries prospered, and Roman Catholic missionaries were tolerated and employed as astronomers and artists.
The humiliation inflicted by foreign imperialism coalesced into popular anti-foreignism.

A term coined in 1915 but still referred to today, the years of humiliation described a period of foreign intervention and domination of China, which began under the Qing rule. This is probably the most detailed account in English of the court of Tz'u-hsi. Retrieved August 6, 2020, from http://www.tsinghuachinalawreview.org/articles/PDF/TCLR_1001_CHENG.pdf, Unequal Treaties with China.

Retrieved August 06, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qing-dynasty, The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Decorative crafts declined to increasingly repetitive designs, although techniques, notably in jade carving, reached a high level. But the greater power of individual provinces exercised would further undermine the authority of the central government, as well as the overall unity of the nation.