Salmon, sparrows, and damselflies, however, are examples of species with multiple, recognizable external phenotypes that cluster by body size or color, which Rougarden calls “genders.” Again, I asked my colleagues who study gender in humans about this idea, and one reaction was, “Why do we need more categories? Science 353:380–382, Moran NA, Sloan DB (2015) The hologenome concept: helpful or hollow? Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 37–56, Wesemann DR, Portuguese AJ, Meyers RM et al (2013) Microbial colonization influences early B-lineage development in the gut lamina propria.

Joan Elizabeth Roughgarden (born March 13, 1946) is an American ecologist, evolutionary biologist, and author.

University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Wade M, Drown DM (2016) Nuclear-mitochondrial epistasis: a gene’s view of genomic conflict.

After being named a Fellow at Stanford in 1978, she became professor emerita at Stanford in 2011.

Mar Ecol Prog Ser 243:1–10, Rosenberg E, Zilber-Rosenberg I (2011) Symbiosis and development: the hologenome concept. A presentation and book signing at A Different Light bookstore in Los Angeles was cancelled “at the request of many in the local transgendered community.” I am certain that more incidents such as this will occur, and that more criticism like Roughgarden’s and Conway’s will be offered.

In 2003, J. Michael Bailey published this on his Northwestern university faculty page. Hafner Press, New York, Gilbert SF (2003) The genome in its ecological context: philosophical perspectives on interspecies epigenesis.

A she-male is a woman with a penis. Sinauer, Sunderland, pp 33–64, Roughgarden J (1998) Primer of ecological theory.

In the introductory chapter, titled “Is Nature Selfish?,” Roughgarden rather incredibly asserts that there is insufficient evidence to know whether individual animals in nature act mostly to further their own survival and reproduction, and even more incredibly, implies that no one other than her has realized that the reproductive interests of males and females often coincide. Daedalus Volume 136 | Issue 2 | Spring 2007 p.23-36 https://doi.org/10.1162/daed.2007.136.2.23, Roughgarden J (May 28, 2004). PubMed Google Scholar. Females are their opposite in all these attributes. Joan Roughgarden.

... Google Research Verified email at google.com.

Scott F. Gilbert.

The model offered combines the processes of horizontal symbiont transfer, within-host symbiont proliferation, vertical symbiont transmission, and holobiont selection. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 44:623–643, Eisen J 2015. FEMS Microbiol Rev 32:723–735. Pharmacol Res 69:1–10, Fisher CK, Mehta P (2014) Identifying keystone species in the human gut microbiome from metagenomic timeseries using sparse linear regression.

In: Gissis SB, Lamm E, Shavit A (eds) Landscapes of collectivity in … In my view, these models are no more useful in predicting what behavior we will observe in nature than the competitive ESS models that the author decries. This leaves brood patches and egg laying as the only strictly female characteristics in juncos.
In: Minelli A, Pradeu T (eds) Towards a theory of development. Mol Ecol 23:1268–1283, Schluter J, Foster KR (2012) The evolution of mutualism in gut microbiota via host epithelial selection. Proc R Soc B 281(1775):20132146, Sakwinska O, Moine D, Delley M et al (2016) Microbiota in breast milk of Chinese lactating mothers.

Annu Rev Genet 35:125–148, Birky CW Jr, Maruyama T, Fuerst P (1983) An approach to population and evolutionary genetic theory for genes in mitochondria and chloroplasts, and some results. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 7: 175–299, Iyer P., Roughgarden J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127462, Ballard JWO, Rand DM (2005) The population biology of mitochondrial DNA and its phylogenetic implications. But Roughgarden defines it this way: “Gender is the appearance, behavior, and life history of a sexed body” (p. 27).

In: Dupre J (ed) Processes of life: essays in the philosophy of biology. 2 Sandia National Laboratory, Post Office Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185–1137 * After reading accounts supposedly about them, the women reported being inaccurately transcribed. Cell 164:337–340, Sharon G, Segal D, Ringo JM et al (2010) Commensal bacteria play a role in mating preference of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 315:1685, Bronstein JL (2015) Mutualism.

The peacock's tail is the classic sexually selected trait, but Darwin was aware that in some systems females, not males, compete for mates. PLoS Biol 10(11):e1001424, Sefik E, Geva-Zatorsky N, Oh S et al (2015) Individual intestinal symbionts induce a distinct population of RORγ+ regulatory T cells. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2004. E Anshelevich, A Dasgupta, J Kleinberg, E Tardos, T Wexler, ... SIAM Journal on Computing 38 (4), 1602-1623, Journal of Computer and System Sciences 67 (2), 341-364, SIAM Journal on Computing 41 (6), 1673-1693, Proceedings of the forty-first annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing …, SIAM journal on computing 33 (2), 332-350, Games and economic behavior 47 (2), 389-403, Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on Electronic commerce, 225-234, Proceedings of the thirty-fifth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing …, Proceedings of the forty-second ACM symposium on Theory of computing, 765-774, Journal of Computer and System Sciences 72 (3), 444-467, CORNELL UNIV ITHACA NY DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, M Enachescu, Y Ganjali, A Goel, N McKeown, T Roughgarden, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 35 (3), 83-90, New articles related to this author's research, Professor of Computer Science, Cornell University, Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Stanford University, Professor of Computer Science, Courant Institute, New York University, Associate Professor of Computer Science, University of Southern California.

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:19786–19791, Heisler IL, Damuth J (1987) A method for analyzing selection in hierarchically structured populations.

The biological notion of self and non-self. Typically, I determine the sex of the animals I study by examining their external morphological or behavioral phenotype.

University of California Press ISBN 978-0-520-25826-6, Roughgarden J (2006). Trends Ecol Evol 27:442–451, Brucker RM, Bordenstein SR (2013) The hologenomic basis of speciation: gut bacteria cause hybrid lethality in the genus Nasonia.

The author has synthesized huge, interdisciplinary literatures, and interpreted them in relation to her theme that diversity in sexual presentation is everywhere and is incompletely appreciated and understood. Sinauer, Sunderland, Coyte KZ, Schluter J, Foster KR (2015) The ecology of the microbiome: networks, competition, and stability.

Although Roughgarden denies it, the view of biology that she presents suggests that her primary motivation for writing this book was indeed rooted in the moralistic fallacy.

MIT Press, Cambridge, Carmona D, Fitzpatrick CR, Johnson MT (2015) Fifty years of co-evolution and beyond: integrating co-evolution from molecules to species. Professor of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Staff Research Scientist, Google Research, Professor of Computer Science, University of Pennsylvania, Professor of Management Science and Engineering, and by courtesy, Computer Science, Stanford University, Professor of Computer Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The price of stability for network design with fair cost allocation, The price of anarchy is independent of the network topology, Universally utility-maximizing privacy mechanisms, Computing correlated equilibria in multi-player games, Intrinsic robustness of the price of anarchy, Bounding the inefficiency of equilibria in nonatomic congestion games, Pricing network edges for heterogeneous selfish users, Climate change policy: quantifying uncertainties for damages and optimal carbon taxes, Revenue maximization with a single sample, Interactive privacy via the median mechanism, Part III: Routers with very small buffers, Simpler and better approximation algorithms for network design.
Symbionts can be transmitted from parent to offspring by a variety of vertical and horizontal methods. The controversy has already consumed substantial time that I could be spending on new research, teaching, and administration, and I cannot afford more time to respond to each new charge made by Conway, Roughgarden, et al. Biol Philos 29:657–673, Bordenstein SR, Theis KR (2015) Host biology in light of the microbiome: ten principles of holobionts and hologenomes.

Ellen D. Ketterson, Do Animals Have Gender?, BioScience, Volume 55, Issue 2, February 2005, Pages 178–180, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0178:DAHG]2.0.CO;2. Environ Microbiol 11:483–493, Ochman H, Worobey M, Kuo CH et al (2010) Evolutionary relationships of wild hominids recapitulated by gut microbial communities. 474 pp. John Murray, London, Eberhard W. G. (1985) Sexual selection and animal genitalia. Prentice Hall, Roughgarden J (1979). Deconstructing Darwinian Selfishness. Am Nat 162:S51–S62, Koren O, Goodrich JK, Cullender TC et al (2012) Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy.

I am most likely to respond to comments that suggest a serious effort to understand my arguments (especially by reading my book).

What does the term microbiome mean?

Nature: 448:925–928, Rhee KJ, Sethupathi P, Driks A, Lanning DK, Knight KL (2004) Role of commensal bacteria in development of gut-associated lymphoid tissue and preimmune antibody repertoire. The author convincingly builds her case that animals frequently deviate from simple stereotypes about sex differences. In: Rice WR, Gavrilets S (eds) Additional perspectives on sexual conflict. The caricature of sexual selection is repeated and extended, and false dichotomies, such as nature–nurture, are revived. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing, Menlo Park, Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP et al (2015) Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. The ones marked * may be different from the article in the profile. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 46:213–219, Jin L, Hinde K, Tao L (2011) Species diversity and relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria in the milk of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

As she became deeply engrossed, however, Roughgarden also concluded that experts in each of the academic disciplines she explored were disparaging of diversity. Biologist Joan Roughgarden doesn’t like the term “shemale,” which she says is degrading and has been borrowed from the porn industry where it refers to pre-op transsexuals or other transgender women sporting large penises (naughty scientists!).

I came away more convinced than ever that, when it comes to sex and gender, we are not all alike.

Over the past few years I have objected to the substitution of the phrase “gender differences” for “sex differences” in biological writing. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003388, Sterelny K (2011) Darwinian spaces: Peter Godfrey-Smith on selection and evolution. Thus, the subtitle, “Deconstructing Darwinian Selfishness,” is an accurate depiction of the style of critique, which is more literary than scientific. Science 330:1102–1104, van Opstal EJ, Bordenstein SR (2015) Rethinking heritability of the microbiome. Michael T. Ghiselin. https://mitpress.mit.edu/blog/qa-joan-roughgarden-problems-theory-sexual-selection, Roughgarden J (2007). Female animals are not always coy and nurturing, nor are males always big, colorful, and aggressive. In: Gissis SB, Lamm E, Shavit A (eds) Landscapes of collectivity in the life sciences.

Princeton University Press, Princeton, Douglas AE, Werren JH (2016) Holes in the hologenome: why host-microbe symbioses are not holobionts. Again, this was the one with several openly lesbian women and gay men in the audience, including me. Also, gay males who do not report a feminine childhood are lying too because they suffer from “internalised femiphobia”. Front Microbiol.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biologyself/, Teixeira L, Ferreira Á., Ashburner M (2008) The bacterial symbiont Wolbachia induces resistance to RNA viral infections in Drosophila melanogaster. We also thank Michael Wade, John Dupre, James Griesemer, Oren Kolodny, Marcus Feldman, Tadashi Fukami, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful suggestions.

The concluding chapter lists 26 ways in which social selection and sexual selection give contradictory explanations of reproductive behavior. Sci Rep 6:35045. doi:10.1038/srep35045, Gause GF ([1934]1964) The struggle for existence. Nutr Rev 70:S2–S9, Rezende EL, Lavabre JE, Guimares PR (2007) Non-random coextinctions in phylogenetically structured mutualistic networks.