Sputnik 3, launched on May 15, 1958, carried 12 instruments to study Earth’s upper atmosphere and space and was also the heaviest satellite to that time, weighing 1,327 kg (2,926 pounds). 1580), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Defense_Education_Act&oldid=981302609, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Title VI provides funding for language and area studies programs. The electronic computer created a demand for mathematicians as programmers and it also shortened the lead time between the development of a new mathematical theory and its practical application, thereby making their work more valuable. The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) was signed into law on September 2, 1958, providing funding to United States education institutions at all levels.[1]. Title IX established the Science Information Institute and Science Information Council in order to disseminate scientific information and assist the government in matters of a highly technical nature. [9] Title IV was also one of the only two federal programs (along with Title VI of the NDEA) in existence at the time that gave any funding to the humanities. In NASA’s Authorization Act for 1985 the expansion of human knowledge “of the Earth” was added to goal 1, reflecting increased concern about Earth resources and global climate change.

The United States could no longer rely on European refugees for all of its mathematicians, though they remained an important source, so it had to drastically increase the domestic supply. The early Soviet success in the Space Race catalyzed a national sense of unease with Soviet technological advances, especially after the Soviet Union launched the first-ever satellite, Sputnik, the previous year. 1 Short title This Act may be cited as the Space (Launches and Returns) Act 2018. On August 8, Eisenhower nominated T. Keith Glennan, the president of the Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio, to be NASA's first administrator. This page was last edited on 1 October 2020, at 14:01.

The small silver orb, visible to the human eye on a clear day, put space policy — and the educational needs that went with it — on center stage.

Initially, Title II provided scholarships (also known as grants) rather than loans.

Additionally, more high school graduates were beginning to attend college.

COPUOUS was established in 1958 and made permanent in 1959. Division 1 — Preliminary provisions. The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (Public Law 85Ð568) stated that the NACA would become NASA after ninety days unless the transition was proclaimed sooner by the NASA administrator.

In 1940 about one-half million Americans attended college, which was about 15 percent of their age group. For the carcinogenic nitrosamine, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, American Association of University Professors, "Sputnik Left Legacy for U.S. Science Education", Copy of the original National Defense Education Act (P.L. On 19 Dec. President Eisenhower's Christmas message was beamed from the PROJECT SCORE satellite in orbit, the first voice sent from space. At the time, "mathematics" was interpreted as pure mathematics rather than applied mathematics. Latin and Greek programs are not funded under this title, on the grounds that they are not modern foreign languages, and thus do not support defense needs.[8]. NDEA was among many science initiatives implemented by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1958 to increase the technological sophistication and power of the United States alongside, for instance, DARPA and NASA. This requisite loyalty statement stirred concern and protest from the American Association of University Professors and over 153 institutions. [6], The act, therefore, was designed to fulfill two purposes. Priority was given to students who stated an interest in becoming a professor. The NDEA includes Title X, Section 1001 (f), a mandate that all beneficiaries of the act complete an affidavit disclaiming belief in the overthrow of the U.S. Title I of the NDEA serves as an introduction to the content and purposes of the Act. The United Nations and the Outer Space Treaty. U.S. citizens feared that education in the USSR was superior to that in the United States, and Congress reacted by adding the act to bring U.S. schools up to speed.[3].

The Space Act has been amended many times since 1958 (see online reference below for details), but these goals have been little changed. An Act about space activities and high power rockets, and for related purposes. Part 1 — Introduction. A total of 8,750 pounds was placed in orbit, of which 150 pounds was the payload. At the university level, even more recently, there have been years when it was difficult to hire applied mathematicians and computer scientists because of the rate that industry was absorbing them. So did its successor, the pug-nosed pilot from Klushino, Russia. [5] By 1960, however, college enrollments had expanded to 3.6 million. Second it provided financial assistance—primarily through the National Defense Student Loan program—for thousands of students who would be part of the growing numbers enrolling at colleges and universities in the 1960s.[2]. Initially, a small number of institutions (Barnard, Yale, and Princeton) refused to accept funding under the student loan program established by the act because of the affidavit requirement. [7], Title III provides additional financial assistance for the purposes of strengthening science, math, and foreign language programs. Title IV provides funding for graduate fellowships in order to increase the number of graduate-level professionals and university professors. [4], The NDEA was influenced by the Soviet launch of the satellite Sputnik on October 4, 1957. By the time the bill was passed into law, student aid was exclusively loan-based. Title VIII provided funding for vocational training in order to better prepare citizens for the workforce. Sputnik 3 was originally intended to be the first satellite, but its complexity and size led the Soviets to launch the much simpler Sputnik 1 to beat the United States into space. 2 Commencement This Act commences on the day on which it receives the Royal Assent. [1] Some in higher education opposed the disclaimer affidavit, as it came to be called, because they said it attempted to control beliefs and as such violated academic freedom. Title II authorizes the provision of student loans and provides terms by which they may be awarded. [10] Kennedy interpreted this case proved the affidavit clause to be ineffective, and, in spite of—rather than because of—protest prior to 1961, the disclaimer requirement was excised. In particular, following the public disclosure of the case of a National Science Foundation Fellowship recipient who had run into trouble with the House Un-American Activities Committee, and had been convicted of contempt of Congress. The problem in the 1950s and 1960s was that industry, including defense, was absorbing the mathematicians who should have been at high schools and universities training the next generation. However, certain fields (such as folklore) were specifically exempted from these fellowships. [4], After four years of seemingly ineffective protest, the disclaimer requirement was repealed in the Fall of 1962 by President John F. Kennedy who was spurred by an incident extraneous to universities' protests. The House version of the bill eliminated scholarship money, while the Senate reduced the amount of scholarship money. [3] However, in the aftermath of McCarthyism, a mandate was inserted in the act that all beneficiaries must complete an affidavit disclaiming belief in the overthrow of the U.S. government. First, it was designed to provide the country with specific defense oriented personnel. government.

This included providing federal help to foreign language scholars, area studies centers, and engineering students. By 1970, 7.5 million students were attending colleges in the United States, or 40 percent of college-age youths.

The U.S. had initiated its space program, NASA, in 1958 in part as a response to the Soviet launch of Sputnik, along with the National Defense Education Act. The Sputnik Crisis and National Defense Education Act of 1958" (Greenwood Press; 1981) 225 pages; Copy of the original National Defense Education Act (P.L. [2] In total, over a billion dollars was directed towards improving American science curricula. Title V includes provisions for the training of guidance counselors and the implementation of testing programs to identify gifted students. As of mid-2016, it has 77 members, including major space … 18 Dec. 1958 An Air Force Atlas booster placed into orbit a communications relay satellite, PROJECT SCORE or the "talking atlas." "Area studies" includes such subjects as African American studies and Latin American studies. 85-864; 72 Stat. The act authorized funding for four years, increasing funding per year: for example, funding increased on eight program titles from $183 million in 1959 to $222 million in 1960. [1] By 1962, when the disclaimer affidavit was repealed, the number of schools protesting the clause was 153. Title X contains miscellaneous provisions regarding legal and pragmatic details of the Act. The year 1957 also coincided with an acute shortage of mathematicians in the United States. It followed a growing national sense that U.S. scientists were falling behind scientists in the Soviet Union. However, some members of Congress expressed worry about the message sent by giving students a "free ride." Title VII provided funding for research in the more effective use of technology for educational purposes. 85-864; 72 Stat. This laid the groundwork for Academically Gifted (AG) and Gifted & Talented (GT) programs and began the trend of using standardized testing in schools to measure competency. [11], "NDEA" redirects here. An Act to strengthen the national defense and to encourage and assist in the expansion and improvement of educational programs to meet critical national needs and for other purposes.