(2020). In addition, the lactobacilli also generated antimicrobial products (hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins; Martin and Suarez, 2010; O’Hanlon et al., 2011), and the local activities of the innate and cell-mediated immune systems, and help prevent long-term colonization of the vagina by adhering to vaginal epithelial cells (Boris and Barbes, 2000).

The third group is not dominated by any one bacterial taxon and is much more diverse than the other two. 1). De Filippis, F. et al. Within the diverse group there appear to be a few consistently reported subgroups with distinctive microbiota that could have differing clinical significance for the host. These results indicate that the presence of a high concentration of H+ ions is essential but not sufficient for the inhibition of Chlamydia EBs. Lactobacilli CFS (100 μL of 1:1, 1:10, 1:100 dilutions) and CP (100 μL, 10 μL, 1 μL of stock suspension) were mixed with 5 × 103 IFU of EBs and diluted to 200 μL with sterile phosphate buffered saline. The normal microbiota of the human vagina plays a key role in preventing a number of urogenital diseases, such as bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted infections2,3,4,5,6,7.

When the correlation was higher than 0.6, a statistically significant difference between groups H and L was searched by means of a Wilcoxon test, with an accepted Bonferroni-adjusted P value of 0.05. Google Scholar. Acad. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Orotate was produced in greater concentrations by lactobacilli highly active against Chlamydia (group H) while phenylalanine, isoleucine, valine and tyrosine were produced in greater concentrations by lactobacilli less effective against Chlamydia (group L); glucose was consumed at higher levels by lactobacilli belonging to group H while tryptophan was consumed more by lactobacilli of group L. Orotate and phenylalanine production was found to be statistically different between lactobacilli in groups H and L (Orotate, P = 0.005; Phenylalanine, P = 0.005; 2-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test).
Verstraelen, H. et al. Lactobacilli cultures were adjusted to an OD600 of 2.0 with sterile MRS (cell concentration: 5 × 108 CFU/mL) and centrifuged at 5,000 × g for 10 min at 4 °C. Alterations in the types and relative proportions of the microbial species in the vagina can be associated with the development of infectious conditions, such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), aerobic vaginitis, candidiasis, and sexually transmitted infections [8,9]. PubMed  Bars represent median values, error bars represent median absolute deviations. Six strains (BC2-BC6, BC8) out of eight belonging to L. crispatus species maintained a good activity even at 1:100 concentration; indeed, they caused a significant reduction of Chlamydia infectivity for at least one time point. 3b). Lactobacillus crispatus is Group H comprises lactobacilli strains with P-values below 0.2, group I comprises of lactobacilli with P-values ranging between 0.2 and 0.6; group L comprises lactobacilli with P-values over 0.6. Less is known of the male genitourinary microbiota. Chlamydia trachomatis, a leading cause of sexually transmitted disease worldwide, can induce severe sequelae, i.e. FEMS Immunol. 99 ($0.42/Count) 20% coupon … Examination of vaginal material as a wet mount reveals the absence of bacilli and their replacement with clumps of coccobacilli. 2009) and distinguishing bloodspatter originating from an individual’s oral cavity (i.e., mouth or nose) from other types of bloodstains (Donaldson et al. The health and functioning of the female urogenital tract largely rely on its microbial inhabitants1. 2a). Some vaginal epithelial cells are coated with coccobacilli, which may obscure their edges (clue cells) or the normally clear appearance of the cytoplasm. In order to interpret rationally the wealth of data produced in this study, we used an approach that allowed us to classify Lactobacillus strains into three groups (H: high activity; I: intermediate activity; L: low activity) according to their ability to counteract Chlamydia infectivity. In addition to these antimicrobial protection mechanisms, vaginal epithelial cells also contain membrane-bound Toll-like receptors that distinguish molecular patterns associated with pathogenic microbiota, which triggers proinflammatory cytokine production and antigen-specific immunity (Witkin et al., 2007), refer to section on vaginal immunity. However, treating asymptomatic women with BV who are not at high risk for preterm delivery appears to confer no benefit. Int. Moreover, Lactobacillus casei differentially expresses genes in the mouse intestine for a better adaptability to the intestinal conditions. Statistical significance was calculated vs control. 5a). and L.L. PubMed  The supernatants of five Lactobacillus strains ( L. gasseri BC11-BC14 and L. vaginalis BC16) decreased C. trachomatis infectivity at any contact time, with a complete inhibition after a long term exposure (60 min). Lines within the boxes indicate the median values of the samples groups corresponding to the different activity scores (H: high activity; I: intermediate activity; L: low activity). Gong, Z., Luna, Y., Yu, P. & Fan, H. Lactobacilli inactivate Chlamydia trachomatis through lactic acid but not H2O2 .
trachomatis is an intracellular organism, further studies will be needed to investigate the interactions between C. trachomatis-lactobacilli-epithelial cells. Dis. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

USA 108 Suppl 1, 4680–4687 (2011). Lactic acid is able to inactivate a wide range of reproductive tract pathogens, including C. trachomatis22 and HIV-137. 1a). 178, 446–450 (1998). Directly linked to the presence of lactobacilli, the production of lactic acid is accepted as a hallmark beneficial activity of the vaginal microbiota. Each box represents the interquartile range (25–75th percentile). The vaginal microbiome of healthy females is dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus, L. jensenii, L. gasseri, and L. iners. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections in both industrialized and developing countries15,27. The elementary body (EB) is infectious but non-dividing. It remains to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which lactate moiety inactivates chlamydial EBs. Group H counts 7 strains (BC1, BC2, BC4, BC6, BC7, BC8 and BC13), group I comprises 5 strains (BC5, BC9, BC11, BC15 and BC16), group L included 5 strains as well (BC3, BC10, BC12, BC14 and BC17). Statistical significance was calculated vs control. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Var, explained variance. This overgrowth actually damages the vaginal cells and results in the cell wall rupturing and the cell dying. However, pathogenic biofilms have even been identified in the placenta,197 with an absence of Lactobacillus, and this was correlated with negative pregnancy outcomes. Infect. Int J Med Microbiol. The follicular fluid is the liquid found in ovaries, which lubricates the eggs. Google Scholar. Effect of lactobacilli supernatants on C. trachomatis infectivity. Dis. Cite this article. These cells were then stimulated with LPS, and one group was pretreated with L. rhamnosus GR-1 biofilm supernatant at a 1:20 dilution. Phylogenetic analysis and tree construction by M. Kullen. Lactobacilli CFS were analyzed by 1H-NMR to delineate their metabolic profiles. This “diverse” group is much more likely to be associated with the inflammatory clinical condition, bacterial vaginosis.

HeLa cells were then detached and fragmented by sonication, by using a Bandelin sonicator at minimum power. Lactobacilli inhabiting the human vagina are the first line of defense in the female urogenital and reproductive tracts.

Two concentrations of lactic acid (10 mM and 50 mM), corresponding to the mean titer and the highest titer registered by 1H-NMR in Lactobacillus CFS (Supplementary Table S2), were tested. Experiments were performed with different dilutions of cell free supernatants: 1:1 (a), 1:10 (b) and 1:100 (c) and different time points: 7 minutes (white bars), 15 minutes (grey bars) and 60 minutes (black bars). It is being evaluated specifically for the prevention and treatment of bacterial vaginosis, which is characterized by t… It has been reported that strains of L. crispatus inhibit in vitro the growth of uropathogens and block their adhesion to vaginal epithelial cells35.

BV begins with the unexplained disappearance of the normal vaginal flora and its replacement with Gardnerella vaginalis and many species of anaerobic bacteria.

Interestingly, the metabolomic analysis highlighted the increased consumption of glucose by the most active strains. Scientific Reports In healthy women, the vaginal ecosystem is dominated by Lactobacillus species. Moulder, J. W. Interaction of chlamydiae and host cells in vitro. Effect of lactobacilli cell pellets on C. trachomatis infectivity. Chlamydial EBs, adapted for extracellular survival and primed for infection of susceptible host cells, have historically been described as metabolically dormant. It is worth underlining the increased consumption of glucose by the strains of Group H. In order to understand whether the competition for the carbonate source could be an additional mechanism of action for the antagonism towards Chlamydia, further inhibition experiments were performed by adding glucose to Lactobacillus supernatants. In comparison with lactobacilli, bifidobacteria inhabit very limited niches, such as human and animal GI tracts and, in some cases, insect intestines. Saka, H. A. et al.