Citizens have no effective opportunity to vote on issues of importance to them through a legally binding measure. The new prime minister, Victor Ponta, quickly formed a government but the failure to adopt reforms quickly triggered a wave of protests against a government seen as not fulfilling the promises of the 2012 electoral campaign. According to Article 142 of Romania’s constitution, every three years three judges are appointed to the Constitutional Court for nine-year terms, with one judge each appointed by the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate and the president of Romania. Justices are exclusively appointed by different bodies with special majority requirements or in a cooperative selection process without special majority requirements. 10 February. In Romania, the independence of the media is limited. One army occupied Southern Dobrudja and another moved into northern Bulgaria to threaten Sofia, helping to bring an end to the war. Ambiguity in the Constitution of Romania (Article 85 (1), Article 103 (1))[2] may lead to situations where a coalition of parties obtaining an absolute majority in Parliament, or a party holding a relative majority in Parliament, would be unable to nominate a prime minister because the president would refuse the nomination (with no party holding an absolute majority in Parliament). According to the constitution, s/he acts as a mediator among the state's power centers and between the state and society. Maniu and his National Peasant Party shared the same general political aims of the Iron Guard: both fought against the corruption and dictatorial policies of King Carol II and the National Liberal Party. However, if more than 500,000 citizens support a change to the constitution, parliament can approve a revision, which then must pass a nationwide referendum. Throughout the 1930s, these nationalist parties had a mutually distrustful relationship with King Carol II. [citation needed], At the time of the proclamation of the Kingdom, there were already several industrial facilities in the country: The Assan and Olamazu steam mills, built in 1853 and 1862 respectively, a brick factory built in 1865, and two sugar factories built in 1873, among others. With continuing tension between the government and civil society, Romania falls into the bottom ranks internationally (rank 38) with regard to democracy quality. [citation needed], Romanian industry was quite well-developed due to an abundance of natural resources, especially oil. Romania enjoys a considerable wealth of natural resources: fertile land for agriculture; pastures for livestock; forests that provide hard and soft woods; petroleum reserves; metals, including gold and silver in the Apuseni Mountains; numerous rivers that supply hydroelectricity; and a Black Sea coastline that is the site of both ports and resorts. Legal regulations provide for a fair registration procedure for all elections; candidates and parties are not discriminated against. He has also taught at the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Leipzig and Babeș-Bolyai-University Cluj-Napoca.

His book publications on East-Central Europe include The Political Economy of Fiscal Reform in East-Central Europe (Cheltenham: Elgar, 2006) and Postsozialistische Transformation und europäische (Des-)Integration (co-editor, Marburg: Metropolis, 2008). The last territorial change during this period came in 1923, when a few border settlements were exchanged between Romania and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Upon the death of king Ferdinand in 1927, his son Prince Carol was prevented from succeeding him because of previous marital scandals that had resulted in his renunciation of rights to the throne. NDI helped mainstream political parties construct their organizations, field candidates and run election campaigns, and develop public policy frameworks in elected office. The constitution of 1923 gave the king free rein to dissolve parliament and call elections at will; as a result, Romania was to experience over 25 governments in a single decade. Nevertheless, most students attend state-run universities. Warships built include the submarines NMS Rechinul and NMS Marsuinul, a class of 4 minesweepers, 6 Dutch-designed torpedo boats[30] and 2 gunboats.[31]. A prefect may block the action of a local authority if he deems it unlawful or unconstitutional, with the matter then adjudicated by an administrative court. The 1991 constitution replaced single-party rule with a democratic and pluralist system, but former communists have maintained prominence in politics through the formation of such parties as the Social Democratic Party (Partidul Social Democrat; PSD). Specific initiatives include stemming violence against women in politics through NDI's #NotTheCost global campaign, opening doors for Roma and other minority groups to become members and leaders of mainstream political parties, and fostering cross-party dialogue on  needed integrity reforms within the parties themselves. By deploying huge numbers of police and gendarmes, the authorities in Bucharest wanted to show the whole world who is in charge in Romania. Iuliu Maniu and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu against King Carol II of Romania. This time, it was police officers and gendarmes who were entrusted with a similar task and took violent action against peaceful demonstrators. The county council coordinates the activities of village and town councils. Legal notice | Despite the land reforms, landowners still controlled up to 30% of Romania's soil, also including the forests that peasants needed for fuel. During the war, Romania copied and produced hundreds of Soviet M1938 mortars,[25] as well as designing and producing up to 400 75 mm Reșița Model 1943 anti-tank guns. Judicial hearings would also be conducted in their native official languages. Faur Bucharest Romania", "Statul national unitar (România Mare 1919 - 1940)", "Decret regal privind investirea generalului Ion Antonescu cu depline puteri", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&oldid=985751102, States and territories established in 1881, States and territories disestablished in 1947, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2013, Articles with disputed statements from February 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Rural voters, grateful for the restoration of most agricultural land to farmers but fearful of change, strongly favored President Iliescu and the FDSN; the urban electorate favored the CDR (a coalition of several parties – the strongest of which were the PNŢCD and the PNL – and civic organizations) and quicker reform.

Public and private media are independent from government influence; their independence is institutionally protected and fully respected by the incumbent government. Voters abroad were very angry because of the fact that they were not all given the right to cast their ballots, which represented one of the key reasons for Ponta's defeat. Peter Jordan (OKmsr Dr.), Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut, 1989. The incumbent government seeks to ensure its political objectives indirectly by influencing the personnel policies, organizational framework or financial resources of public media, and/or the licensing regime/market access for private media. In Romania's capital, Bucharest, police are using brutal force against peaceful demonstrators. The 1923 Constitution is adopted based on a National Liberal Party project. Dr. Andrea Wagner is an Assistant Professor at MacEwan University in Edmonton and a consultant for PricewaterhouseCoopers, providing the European Commission with regular updates and analytical reports on Romania’s latest anti-corruption efforts. While the nobility had a long tradition of sending their sons to Europe's finest schools, the educated were a tiny minority. Iliescu appointed Adrian Năstase prime minister. The suspension, passed by a 322–108 vote, opened the way for a national referendum on impeachment[5] which failed. Already, the Iron Guard had embraced the politics of assassinations, and various governments had reacted more or less in kind.

Another, more modern brick factory was built in 1891. The legal framework for party and campaign financing was amended in 2016. Some present-day Romanian politicians are former members of the Romanian Communist Party. International Naval Research Organization, Rebecca Ann Haynes, "Reluctant allies? Many of these people had traveled from across Europe in the preceding days to demand that the values they had come to know in their host countries be upheld in their old homeland. The legislative elections of 11 December 2016 saw a predictable comeback of the PSD as the major party in the Romanian Parliament, as most opinion polls gave them an electoral score of at least 40%. Members are elected to four-year terms by universal suffrage in a party-list proportional representation electoral system. [26] Romania also acquired the licence to produce the AH-IV tankette, but ultimately only one prototype was built locally. Citizens who are Roma are routinely subject to labor, housing, and education discrimination. We use cookies to improve our service for you. All these events have been heavily criticized by international political figures, most notably by German chancellor Angela Merkel.[7][8]. Dr. Wagner has worked for the United Nations Headquarters, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. < National Awakening | History of Romania | Communist Romania >, Coordinates: 44°25′N 26°06′E / 44.417°N 26.100°E / 44.417; 26.100, kingdom in Southeastern Europe between 1881 and 1947, Union with Transylvania, Bessarabia and Bukovina. The Communist Party ceased to exist. Each geographic region in Romania has its own culture, which reflects and is the product of regional history. She holds a BA in international economics with cum laude honors from Corvinus University. And where they live because they can no longer see any prospects in their native country. The National Liberal Party steadily became more nationalistic than liberal, but nonetheless lost its dominance over Romanian politics. NDI's work upholds the idea that democracy is a human right – a principle enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Agricultural exports could not compete with those of Western Europe and North America, and the onset of the Great Depression caused the market for them to completely dry up.